★★☆Gene Mapping Identifies Four Different Types of Breast Cancer

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Vocabulary

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1. genome /ˈjēˌnōm/ (n.) the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism
2. tumor /ˈtuːmər/ (n.) a mass of tissue found in or on the body that is made up of abnormal cells
3. lumpectomy /ˌləmˈpektəmē/ (n.) a surgical operation in which a lump is removed from the breast, typically when cancer is present but has not spread
4. radiate /ˈrādēˌāt/ (vb.) to move in a specified direction from a source
5. render /ˈrendər/ (vb.) to cause someone or something to be in a specified condition

Article

Gene Mapping Identifies Four Different Types of Breast Cancer

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(1) A new genetic study has found four different types of breast cancer. Experts say this explains why drugs used to treat one form of breast cancer may not work to cure another form.

(2) The findings are the latest results of a large cancer-gene mapping project called the Cancer Genome Atlas. Money for the research comes from the United States government’s National Cancer Institute. The project began in two thousand six. Organizers set a goal of identifying the bio-molecular causes of more than two hundred human cancers.

(3) The latest findings offer the possibility of more-effective treatments for breast cancer with drugs that already exist. The findings are also giving doctors hope that they could one day find a cure for breast cancer.

(4) The World Health Organization says breast cancer kills about four hundred fifty thousand people every year. It is the number one cause of cancer deaths in women.

(5) The new study showed similarities between some breast cancer tumors and cancer cells that invade other parts of the body.

(6) Researchers studied genetic material in breast cancer tumors from more than eight hundred patients. They found that cells in one of the breast cancer types looked like cells found in ovarian cancer tumors. The researchers say it is possible that drugs used to fight ovarian cancer might be effective against the breast tumors.

(7) Jeff Boyd is with Molecular Medicine at Temple University’s Foxchase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He says doctors cannot treat all breast cancers in the same way.

(8) JEFF BOYD: “What we are learning is that, you know, we’ve got to get beyond this ‘treat every breast cancer the same’ — do a lumpectomy, treat with these three drugs, you know, radiate locally and cross your fingers. We now know that, as we’re beginning to learn for many cancer types, that there are multiple molecular genetic cancers which render them essentially separate diseases.”

(9) For example, a drug called Herceptin has been approved for use to treat all breast cancers. But the drug does not work on all breast tumors. Now, researchers have a better understanding why.

(10) Mathew Ellis is a cancer researcher at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. He has worked with the Cancer Genome Atlas. He hopes targeted treatments for different types of breast cancer will soon become available to help his patients.

(11) MATTHEW ELLIS: “Now we have to fast-forward to a day — hopefully in the next year or two — where at least in clinical studies the information is flowing forward to the patients and the doctors. And critically that data flow includes access to the drugs.”

Discussion

*Let’s talk about the article base on the questions below

1. What kind of lifestyle do you practice? Do you think it will lead to cancer or will it let you live a longer life?
2. Do you have medical insurance? Do you think it’s very useful? Why do you say so?
3. Are there any organizations or programs in your country that could help fight against breast cancer? What are they?

 

English Compositions

*Let’s make English compositions using the expressions from the article.

(1) The World Health Organization says (noun) (verb) about four hundred fifty thousand people every year.

EX) The World Health Organization says breast cancer kills about four hundred fifty thousand people every year.

(2) He says (noun) cannot (verb) all (noun) in the same way.

EX) He says doctors cannot treat all breast cancers in the same way.